5. 实数进位制
[进位制的基与数字]  任一正数可表为通常意义下的有限小数或无限小数,各数字的值与数字所在的位置有关,任何位置的数字当小数点向右移一位时其值扩大10倍,当小数点向左移一位时其值缩小10倍.例如
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一般地,任一正数a可表为

这就是10进数,记作a(10),数10称为进位制的基,式中ai在{0,1,2,L,9}中取值,称为10进数的数字,显然没有理由说进位制的基不可以取其他的数.现在取q为任意大于1的正整数当作进位制的基,于是就得到q进数表示
  (1)
式中数字ai在{0,1,2,L,q-1}中取值,anan-1La1a0称为q进数a(q)的整数部分,记作[a(q)];
a-1a-2L称为a(q)的分数部分,记作{a(q)}.常用进位制,除10进制外,还有2进制、8进制、16进制等,其数字如下
                2进制      0, 1
                8进制      0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
               16进制      0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
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[2,8,16进制的加法与乘法表]
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   2进制加法表  | 
  
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   2进制乘法表  | 
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   +  | 
  
   0  | 
  
   1  | 
  
      | 
  
   
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   0  | 
  
   1  | 
 
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   0  | 
  
   0  | 
  
   1  | 
  
      | 
  
   0  | 
  
   0  | 
  
   0  | 
 
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   1  | 
  
   1  | 
  
   10  | 
  
      | 
  
   1  | 
  
   0  | 
  
   1  | 
 
8进制加法表
| 
   +  | 
  
   0  | 
  
   1  | 
  
   2  | 
  
   3  | 
  
   4  | 
  
   5  | 
  
   6  | 
  
   7  | 
 
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   0  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   01  | 
  
   02  | 
  
   03  | 
  
   04  | 
  
   05  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   07  | 
 
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   1  | 
  
   01  | 
  
   02  | 
  
   03  | 
  
   04  | 
  
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   06  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   10  | 
 
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   2  | 
  
   02  | 
  
   03  | 
  
   04  | 
  
   05  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   10  | 
  
   11  | 
 
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   3  | 
  
   03  | 
  
   04  | 
  
   05  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   10  | 
  
   11  | 
  
   12  | 
 
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   4  | 
  
   04  | 
  
   05  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   10  | 
  
   11  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   13  | 
 
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   5  | 
  
   05  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   10  | 
  
   11  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   13  | 
  
   14  | 
 
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   6  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   10  | 
  
   11  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   13  | 
  
   14  | 
  
   15  | 
 
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   7  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   10  | 
  
   11  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   13  | 
  
   14  | 
  
   15  | 
  
   16  | 
 
 
8进制乘法表
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   0  | 
  
   1  | 
  
   2  | 
  
   3  | 
  
   4  | 
  
   5  | 
  
   6  | 
  
   7  | 
 
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   0  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
 
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   1  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   01  | 
  
   02  | 
  
   03  | 
  
   04  | 
  
   05  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   07  | 
 
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   2  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   02  | 
  
   04  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   10  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   14  | 
  
   16  | 
 
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   3  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   03  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   11  | 
  
   14  | 
  
   17  | 
  
   22  | 
  
   25  | 
 
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   4  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   04  | 
  
   10  | 
  
   14  | 
  
   20  | 
  
   24  | 
  
   30  | 
  
   34  | 
 
| 
   5  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   05  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   17  | 
  
   24  | 
  
   31  | 
  
   36  | 
  
   43  | 
 
| 
   6  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   14  | 
  
   22  | 
  
   30  | 
  
   36  | 
  
   44  | 
  
   52  | 
 
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   7  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   16  | 
  
   25  | 
  
   34  | 
  
   43  | 
  
   52  | 
  
   61  | 
 
 
 
16进制加法表
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   +  | 
  
   0  | 
  
   1  | 
  
   2  | 
  
   3  | 
  
   4  | 
  
   5  | 
  
   6  | 
  
   7  | 
  
   8  | 
  
   9  | 
  
   
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   0  | 
  
   00  | 
  
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   08  | 
  
   09  | 
  
   
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   0  | 
  
   
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   10  | 
 
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   2  | 
  
   02  | 
  
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   10  | 
  
   11  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   13  | 
 
16进制加法表
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   5  | 
  
   05  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   08  | 
  
   09  | 
  
   
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   10  | 
  
   11  | 
  
   12  | 
  
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   14  | 
 
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   6  | 
  
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   10  | 
  
   11  | 
  
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   13  | 
  
   14  | 
  
   15  | 
 
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   7  | 
  
   07  | 
  
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   09  | 
  
   
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   10  | 
  
   11  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   13  | 
  
   14  | 
  
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   16  | 
 
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   8  | 
  
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   09  | 
  
   
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   10  | 
  
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   9  | 
  
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   10  | 
  
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   19  | 
  
   
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   10  | 
  
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   10  | 
  
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   10  | 
  
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   15  | 
  
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   18  | 
  
   19  | 
  
   
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16进制乘法表
| 
   +  | 
  
   0  | 
  
   1  | 
  
   2  | 
  
   3  | 
  
   4  | 
  
   5  | 
  
   6  | 
  
   7  | 
  
   8  | 
  
   9  | 
  
   
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| 
   0  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   00  | 
 
| 
   1  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   01  | 
  
   02  | 
  
   03  | 
  
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   08  | 
  
   09  | 
  
   
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   2  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   02  | 
  
   04  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   08  | 
  
   
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   10  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   14  | 
  
   16  | 
  
   18  | 
  
   
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| 
   3  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   03  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   09  | 
  
   
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   12  | 
  
   15  | 
  
   18  | 
  
   
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   21  | 
  
   24  | 
  
   27  | 
  
   
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| 
   4  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   04  | 
  
   08  | 
  
   
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   10  | 
  
   14  | 
  
   18  | 
  
   
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   20  | 
  
   24  | 
  
   28  | 
  
   
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   30  | 
  
   34  | 
  
   38  | 
  
   
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   5  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   05  | 
  
   
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   14  | 
  
   19  | 
  
   
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   23  | 
  
   28  | 
  
   
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   32  | 
  
   37  | 
  
   
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   41  | 
  
   46  | 
  
   
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   6  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   06  | 
  
   
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   12  | 
  
   18  | 
  
   
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   24  | 
  
   
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   30  | 
  
   36  | 
  
   
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   42  | 
  
   48  | 
  
   
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   54  | 
  
   
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   7  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   07  | 
  
   
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   15  | 
  
   
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   23  | 
  
   
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   31  | 
  
   38  | 
  
   
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   46  | 
  
   
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   54  | 
  
   
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   62  | 
  
   69  | 
 
| 
   8  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   08  | 
  
   10  | 
  
   18  | 
  
   20  | 
  
   28  | 
  
   30  | 
  
   38  | 
  
   40  | 
  
   48  | 
  
   50  | 
  
   58  | 
  
   60  | 
  
   68  | 
  
   70  | 
  
   78  | 
 
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   9  | 
  
   00  | 
  
   09  | 
  
   12  | 
  
   
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   24  | 
  
   
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   36  | 
  
   
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   48  | 
  
   51  | 
  
   
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   63  | 
  
   
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   75  | 
  
   
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   87  | 
 
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   00  | 
  
   
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   14  | 
  
   
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   28  | 
  
   32  | 
  
   
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   46  | 
  
   50  | 
  
   
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   64  | 
  
   
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   78  | 
  
   82  | 
  
   
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   96  | 
 
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   00  | 
  
   
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   16  | 
  
   21  | 
  
   
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   37  | 
  
   42  | 
  
   
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   58  | 
  
   63  | 
  
   
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   79  | 
  
   84  | 
  
   
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   00  | 
  
   
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   18  | 
  
   24  | 
  
   30  | 
  
   
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   48  | 
  
   54  | 
  
   60  | 
  
   
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   78  | 
  
   84  | 
  
   90  | 
  
   
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   00  | 
  
   
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   27  | 
  
   34  | 
  
   41  | 
  
   
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   68  | 
  
   75  | 
  
   82  | 
  
   
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   00  | 
  
   
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   38  | 
  
   46  | 
  
   54  | 
  
   62  | 
  
   70  | 
  
   
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   00  | 
  
   
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   69  | 
  
   78  | 
  
   87  | 
  
   96  | 
  
   
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[8-2,16-2数字转换表]
 
| 
   8进数  | 
  
   0  | 
  
   1  | 
  
   2  | 
  
   3  | 
  
   4  | 
  
   5  | 
  
   6  | 
  
   7  | 
 
| 
   2进数  | 
  
   000  | 
  
   001  | 
  
   010  | 
  
   011  | 
  
   100  | 
  
   101  | 
  
   110  | 
  
   111  | 
 
| 
   16进数  | 
  
   0  | 
  
   1  | 
  
   2  | 
  
   3  | 
  
   4  | 
  
   5  | 
  
   6  | 
  
   7  | 
 
| 
   2进数  | 
  
   0000  | 
  
   0001  | 
  
   0010  | 
  
   0011  | 
  
   0100  | 
  
   0101  | 
  
   0110  | 
  
   0111  | 
 
| 
   16进数  | 
  
   8  | 
  
   9  | 
  
   
  | 
  
   
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  | 
  
   
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| 
   2进数  | 
  
   1000  | 
  
   1001  | 
  
   1010  | 
  
   1011  | 
  
   1100  | 
  
   1101  | 
  
   1110  | 
  
   1111  | 
 
 
[各种进位制的相互转换]
1° 
q→10转换  适用通常的10进数四则运算规则,根据公式(1),可以把q进数a(q)转换为10进数表示.例如

2°  10→q转换  转换时必须分为整数部分和分数部分进行.
对于整数部分其步骤是:
(1) 用q去除[a(10)],得到商和余数.
(2) 记下余数作为q进数的最后一个数字.
(3) 用商替换[a(10)]的位置重复(1)和(2)两步,直到商等于零为止.
对于分数部分其步骤是:
(1)用q去乘{a(10)}.
(2)记下乘积的整数部分作为q进数的分数部分第一个数字.
(3)用乘积的分数部分替换{a(10)}的位置,重复(1)和(2)两步,直到乘积变为整数为止,或直到所需要的位数为止.例如:
103.118(10)=147.074324L(8)
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   整数部分的草式  | 
  
   分数部分的草式  | 
 
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3°  p→q转换  通常情况下其步骤是:a(p)→a(10)→a(q).如果p,q是同一数s的不同次幂,其步骤是:a(p)→a(s)→a(q).例如,8进数127.653(8)转换为16进数时,由于8=23,16=24,所以s=2,其步骤是:首先把8进数的每个数字根据8-2转换表转换为2进数(三位一组)
127.653(8)=001 010 111.110 101 011(2)
然后把2进数的所有数字从小数点起(左和右)每四位一组分组,从16-2转换表中逐个记下对应的16进数的数字,即
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